For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to" rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used

第1题

When I walked past the park, I saw some old people doing Chinese Taiji.（)

第2题

Time Pattern in America A．Susan Anthony has an eight-to-five job with two 15-minute coffee

Time Pattern in America

A．Susan Anthony has an eight-to-five job with two 15-minute coffee breaks， a one-hour lunch break， scheduled appointments and weekly deadlines. Every time she enters and leaves her office building she "punches" the clock. Although she is not aware of it， her workday is strongly influenced by her culture"s attitudes toward time.

B．When travellers lack an awareness of how time is regulated in a foreign country， they can expect to feel somewhat confused. Since most people take time for granted， the effects of values， customs， and social manners on the use of time are seldom examined. A culture that values achievement and progress will discourage people from "wasting" time. Highly efficient business people from these cultures may feel frustrated in a country where work proceeds at a low pace. In religious societies， customs specify times of the day， week， or year for prayer and religious celebrations. If an individual tries to make an appointment during a sacred holiday， he or she could unknowingly offend a religious person. Social manners determine appropriate times for visits， meetings， and even phone calls. Arriving two hours late for an appointment may be acceptable in one culture， whereas in another， keeping someone waiting fifteen minutes may be considered rude.

C．Promptness is important in American business， academic and social settings. The importance of punctuality is taught to young children in school. Slow slips and the use of bells signal to the child that punctuality and time itself are to be respected. An amusing report of a schoolchild"s experience with time appeared in a recent newspaper article: As a child， my mother used to tell me how crucial it was to be at school when the first bell rang. Preparation for my "on-time" appearance began the night before. I was directed to go to bed early so I could wake up wide-eyed at 7 a.m. with enough time to get ready. Although I usually managed to watch my share of TV cartoons， I knew that in one hour I had to get dressed， eat breakfast， brush my teeth， comb my hair， and be on my way to school or I would be violating an important rule of Mum"s， the school"s， or of the world"s. It was hard to tell which.

D．People who keep appointments are considered dependable. If people are late tojob interviews， appointments， or classes， they are often viewed as unreliable and irresponsible. In the business world， "time is money" and companies may fine their executives for slowness to business meetings. Of course， it is not always possible to be punctual. Social and business etiquette also provides rules for late arrivals. Calling on the telephone if one is going to be more than a few minutes late for scheduled appointments is considered polite and is often expected. Keeping a date or a friend waiting beyond ten to twenty minutes is considered rude. On the other hand， arriving thirty minutes late to some parties is acceptable.

E. Respecting deadlines is also important in academic and professional circles. It is expected that deadlines for class assignments or business reports will be met. Students who hand in assignments late may be surprised to find that the professor will lower their grades or even refuse to grade their work. Whether it is a question of arriving on time or of meeting a deadline， people are culturally conditioned to regulate time.

F. Time is "tangible （有行资产）": one can "gain time"， "spend time"， "waste time"， "save time"， or even "kill time"! Common questions in American English reveal this concrete quality as though time were a possession. "Do you have time？Can you make some time for this？" "How much free time do you have？" The treatment of time as a possession influences the way time is carefully divided.

G. Generally， Americans are taught to do one thing at a time and may be uncomfortable when an activity is interrupted. In businesses the careful scheduling of time and the separation of activities are common practices. Appointment calendars are printed with 15-，30-， and 60-minute time slots. A 2:30-3:00 interview may end in time for a brief break before 3:15-4:00 meeting. The idea that "there is a time and place for everything" extends to American social life. Visitors who "drop by" without prior notice may interrupt their host"s persona! time. Thus， calling friends on the telephone before visitingthem is generally preferred to visitors" "dropping by". To accommodate other people"s schedules， Americans make business plans and social engagements several days or weeks in advance.

H. Cultures tend to favour either a past， present， or future orientation with regard to time. A future orientation， including a preference for change， is characteristic of American culture. The society encourages people to look to the future rather than to the past.

Technological， social and artistic trends change rapidly and affect people"s lifestyles and the relationships. Given this inclination toward change， it is not surprising that tradition plays a limited role in the American culture. Those who try to support traditional patterns of living or thought may be seen as rigid or "old-fashioned". In a society where change is so rapid， it is not uncommon for every generation to experience a "generation gap". Sometimes parents struggle to understand the values of their children. Even religious institutions have had to adapt to contemporary needs of their followers. Folk singers in church services， women religious leaders， slang versions of the Bible， all reflect attempts made by traditional institutions to "keep up with the times".

I. High rates of change， particularly in urban areas， have contributed to a focus on the future rather than the past or present. Some Americans believe that the benefits of the future orientation are achievement and progress which enable them to have a high standard of living. Others believe that high blood pressure and stomach ulcers are the results of such a lifestyle. As individuals in a culture， we all have an intuitive （直觉的） understanding about how time is regulated. Usually we do not think about the concept of time until we interact with others who have a different time orientation. Although individuals from any two cultures may view time similarly， we often sense that in another culture， life seems to proceed either at a slower or faster pace. Knowing how time is regulated， divided and perceived can provide valuable insights into individuals and their cultures.

Tradition plays a limited role in the American culture because Americans prefer rapidchanges.

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第3题

阅读理解：正误判断STOPPING YELLING AT YOUR KIDSParenting is hard. If you're a parent,

阅读理解：正误判断

STOPPING YELLING AT YOUR KIDS

Parenting is hard. If you're a parent, I'm sure that I don't need to tell you that our job is a tough one. When you're managing children, it can be difficult to remember that they are still learning. If you find you are yelling at your kids more often than you want to, here are some ways that can help you reduce the yelling. I've been working on this for the past few months and I have to say, it's been amazing for both the kids and me.

If you are having an argument with your child, you need to make sure you both take the time to really listen. It gives both of you time to think and really listen to each other, which is important. Kids are more likely to listen to you if you listen to them!

One of your biggest struggles is to remind yourself of appropriate expectations. You can't expect that your youngest acts as responsibly as your oldest. You should lower what you expect – taking into consideration things like their age – it can make a big difference.

You should do your best to take a moment before yelling and take in a deep breath. It makes a world of difference for you. Instead of yelling, you'd better whisper. It can also help diffuse any situation by making things quieter, not louder. Besides, the more time you spend with your kids, the better you'll get at communicating with them. You're both more likely to understand each other.

If your children aren't listening or it seems they only don't listen to you, you don't take it personally. You should remind yourself that your kids are still learning and they're not going to be perfect.

操作提示：句子正确选择下拉选项框为“T”;句子错误选择下拉选项框为“F”。

1. As a parent, you may know that parenting is an easy job. {T、F}

2. Listening to each other is a good way to stop argument between parents and their kids. {T、F}

3. Usually younger kids behave less responsibly than elder children.{T、F}

4. Parents should lower their expectations for their kids. {T、F}

5. Both yelling and whispering can help make things quieter. {T、F}

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第4题

– Why not stay for another cup of tea？（）

A.I’m pleased to meet you.

B.See you some time later.

C.I’d better leave now.

D.I’m sorry I’m not free now.

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第5题

阅读下面的句子，根据文章内容进行判断，正确写“T”，错误写“F”。 Stop Yelling At Your Kids Parenting is hard. If you’re a parent, I’m sure that I don’t need to tell you that our job is a tough one. When you're managing children,

阅读下面的句子，根据文章内容进行判断，正确写“T”，错误写“F”。

Stop Yelling At Your Kids

Parenting is hard. If you’re a parent, I’m sure that I don’t need to tell you that our job is a tough one. When you're managing children, it can be difficult to remember that they are still learning. If you find yourself yelling at your kids more often than you want to, here are some ways that can help you reduce the yelling. I’ve been working on this for the past few months and I have to say,it’s been amazing for both the kids and me.

If you are having an argument with your child, you need to make sure you both take the time to really listen. It gives both of you time to think and really listen to each other, which is important. Kids are more likely to listen to you if you listen to them!

One of your biggest struggles is to remind yourself of appropriate expectations. You can’t expect that your youngest acts as responsibly as your oldest. You should lower what you expect -taking into consideration things like their age - it can make a big difference. You should do your best to take a moment before yelling and take in a deep breath. It makes a world of difference for you. Instead of yelling, you’d better whisper. It can also help diffuse any situation by making things quieter, not louder. Besides, the more time you spend with your kids, the better you’ll get at communicating with them. You’re both more likely to understand each other.

If your children aren’t listening or it seems they only don’t listen to you, you don’t take it personally. You should remind yourself that your kids are still learning and they’re not going to be perfect.

()21. As a parent, you may know that parenting is an easy job.

()22. Listening to each other is a good way to stop argument between parents and their kids.

()23. Usually younger kids behave less responsibly than elder children.

()24. Parents should lower their expectation for their kids.

()25. Both yelling and whispering can help make things quieter.

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第6题

I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring someA．at lastB．in caseC．once againD．in ti

I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some

A．at last

B．in case

C．once again

D．in time

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第7题

For some time past it has been widelyaccepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.

A．are directly related to pleasure

B．will meet their physical needs

C．will bring them a feeling of success

D．will satisfy their curiosity

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第8题

－－I will be away from home for some time. Could you do me a favor and look after my baby？－－Not at all. _______.

A. I’ve no time

B. I’d rather not

C. I’d like it

D. I’d be happy to

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第9题

Samuel: Hey, ______.Diana: I wish I could.But I really have to stay in and finish my paper

tonight.Samuel: Oh, maybe some other time, then.A.can I come to visit you tonightB.shall we have a barbecue some day this weekC.would you like to go to cinema with me tonightD.John will leave Chicago tonight.Shall we go to see him off

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第10题

—Are there any disadvantages to shopping online？ —___________. But I think this problem will be solved soon.

A It makes life easy ;

B It takes some time for the stuff you buy online to arrive ;

C The stuff you buy online arrives quickly.

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第11题

–– Sophia: Hey,—————？–– Teresa: I wish I could. But I really have to stay in and finish

–– Sophia: Hey,—————？

–– Teresa: I wish I could. But I really have to stay in and finish my paper tonight.

–– Sophia: Oh, maybe some other time, then.

A: can I come to visit you tonight

B: shall we have a barbecue some day this week

C: Lisa will leave Chicago tonight. Shall we go to see him off

D: would you like to go to cinema with me tonight

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