I doubt that any historically valid treatment of that presidential administration can emer
These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called "superior orders", and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, after the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground "that all I did was as a soldier, by the command of my superior officer whom I must obey or die," but the court gave him short shrift, saying that "When the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous①."
Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldier's duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey—and indeed must, under some circum stances-unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders would justify a subordinate's conduct only "if not to perform. a prohibited act," and there are many other early decisions to the same effect.
A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White House) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was baldly split by that war too and, at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor. A passer-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicial figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked "would be illegal and void," and, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder②. In consequence, Bevans was convicted.
The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; per haps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the sub ordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity?
It can be inferred from the first paragraph that if a soldier obeys his superior's order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, ______.
A.he is fight according to moral standards
B.he should not receive any punishment
C.he should certainly be liable for his action
D.he will be convicted according to the law of war
(b) (i) Advise Andrew of the income tax (IT) and capital gains tax (CGT) reliefs available on his investment in
the ordinary share capital of Scalar Limited, together with any conditions which need to be satisfied.
Your answer should clearly identify any steps that should be taken by Andrew and the other investors
to obtain the maximum relief. (13 marks)
Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?
A.I suppose he ought to have known that, don"t I?
B.He seldom gives his wife a gift, does he?
C.There won"t be any trouble, will there?
D.No one would object, would they?
41. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The young man was also apasser-by.
B. The old man always entertainedthe people at the same place.
C. The old man let out a loud crybecause he was really sorry to have lost his monkey.
D. Robert did not throw any moneyinto the hat the second time he met the old man .
42. Robert smiled to himself because he().
A. was satisfied with theperformance
B. realized what had happened atlast
C. was amused by the death of thesecond monkey
D. was glad that the second monkeyperformance as well as the first one
43. The word "likewise" (in the secondparagraph) is closest in meaning to ()?
A. like to be wise
B. in the wise way
C. in the sameway
D. in a lovely way
44. What does "followed suit" (in the lastparagraph) mean?
A. followed the example
B. followed the old man
C. followed the writer
D. came afterwards
A.Elizabeth Vergoose wrote the first Mother Goose Stories.
B.Thomas Fleet published the Mother Goose Stories.
C.The Mother Goose Stories were translated into French.
D.Charles Perrault published the first Mother Goose Stories.
Jim was a greedy boy. He enjoyed having good food. One day when he came to have breakfast, he found there was only bread and grufel(麦片粥). So he didn,t want to have any. Then he thought out a plan to fool his mother and get something good to eat. He put his hands on his stomach and said,“ I’ ve got a stomachache,Mum,and I don’ t want any breakfast now. ” His mother said,“ I’ m sorry to hear that. Go to Doctor Jones and he will give you some medicine. You know his house. ”Then she gave Jim some money and let him go by bus. Jim got off the bus after five minutes, ride. He didn’ t go to see Dr. Jones. He went into a shop and bought some pieces of cakes.
Jim was eating the cakes on his way back home. When he got home, his mother asked him,“What did Dr. Jones say,my boy?” Jim answered, “He said good food is better than any medicine for my stomachache. So I went and bought some cakes instead of buying medicine.
Now Jim’ s mother knew what Jim ’ s stomachache meant.
What did Jim, s mother give him for the breakfast that day?
A.Bread
B.Cake
C.Gruel
D.Both A and C
______That day Dr. Jones.A.gave Jim some medicine
B.went to see Jim
C.didn’ t meet Jim at all
D.advised Jim to buy some cakes
______At last Jim’ s mother.A.gave her son some good food
B.knew her son had told a lie
C.bought some medicine for her son
D.bought some cakes for her son
Jim is a boy marked by his______.A.cleverness
B.honesty
C.greed
D.naughtiness
After that, I found Morrie Schwartz, my25 professor, and introduced him to
my 26 .. He was a small man who took small steps, as ifa 27 wind could; at any time, 28 him up:into the cloudS! His teeth were in good shape: When he smiled it was as if you had just 29 him the funniest joke on earth.
He told my parents how I 30 every class he taught. He told them, "You havea 31 boy here. He helped me a 10t." Shy but 32 , I looked at my feet. Before we left,I 33 Mr. Schwartz a 'present, a briefcase with his name on the front. I didn't want to forget him. 34 I didn't want him to forget me. He asked if I would keep in35 , and without hesitation (犹豫) I said, "Of course." When he turned around, I saw tears in his eyes.
21. A. along B. around C. beside D. together
A、shivers
B、association
C、perverse
D、projected
It was as he swung around to look in his toolbox for the cigarettes that Eddie saw the lump. Right in the middle of the brand new bright red carpet, there was a lump. A lump the size of a packet of cigarettes.
"I've done it again? said Eddie angrily. "I've left the cigarettes under the carpet?
He had done this once before, and taking up and refitting the carpet had taken him two hours. Eddie was determined that he was not going to spend another two hours in this house. He decided to get rid of the lump another way. It would mean wasting a good packet of cigarettes, nearly full, but anything was better than taking up the whole carpet and fitting it again .He turned to his toolbox for a large hammer.
Eddie didn't want to damage the carpet itself, so he took a block of wood and placed it on top of the lump. Then he began to beat the block of wood as hard as he could. He kept beating, hoping Mrs. Vanbrugh wouldn't hear the noise and come to see what he was doing. It would be difficult to explain why he was hammering the middle of her beautiful new carpet... The lump was beginning to flatten out.
After three or four minutes, the job was finally finished. Eddie picked up his tools, and began to walk out to his car. Mrs. Vanbrugh accompanied him. She seemed a little worried about something.
"Young man, while you were working today, you didn't by any chance see any sign of Armand, did you? Armand is my bird. I let him out of his cage, you see, this morning, and he's disappeared. He likes to walk around the house, and he usually just comes back to his cage after an hour or so and gets right in. Only today he didn't come back. He's never done such a thing before, it's most peculiar..."
"No, madam, I haven't seen him anywhere," said Eddie, as he reached to start the car.
And he saw his packet of Marlboro cigarettes on the panel, where he had left it at lunchtime....
And he remembered the lump in the carpet...
What did Eddie want to do when he had finished fitting the carpet?
A.To have a cigarette.
B.To hammer the carpet flat.
C.To put back his tools.
D.To start work in the dining room.
Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
A.He wasn't able to produce a single book.
B.He hadn't seen a change for the better.
C.He wasn't able to have a rest for a whole year.
D.He found his dream would never come true.