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Laws have been written to govern the use of American National Flag, and to ensure pro

per respect for the flag. Custom has also governed the common practice in regard to its use. All the armed services have precise regulations on how to display the national flag. This may vary somewhat from the general rules. The national flag should be raised and lowered by hand. Do not raise the flag while it is folded. Unfold the flag first, and then hoist it quickly to the top of the flagpole. Lower it slowly and with dignity. Place no objects on or over the flag. Do not use the flag as part of a costume or athletic uniform. Do not print it upon cushions, handkerchiefs, paper napkins or boxes.A federal law provides that the trademark cannot be registered if it comprises the flag, or badgers of the US. When the flag is used to unveil a statue or monument, it shouldn't serve as a covering of the object to be unveiled. If it is displayed on such occasions, do not allow the flag to fall to the ground, but let it be carried high up in the air to form. a feature of the ceremony. Take every precaution to prevent the flag from soiled. It should not be allowed to touch the ground or floor, nor to brush against objects.

(1)、How do Americans ensure proper respect for the national flag？ ________

A：By making laws.

B：By enforcing discipline.

C：By educating the public.

D：By holding ceremonies.

(2)、What is the regulation regarding the raising of the American National Flag？ _________

A：It should be raised by soldiers.

B：It should be raised quickly by hand.

C：It should be raised only by Americans.

D：It should be raised by mechanical means.

(3)、How should the American National Flag be displayed at an unveiling ceremony？ _________

A：It should be attached to the status.

B：It should be hung from the top of the monument.

C：It should be spread over the object to be unveiled.

D：It should be carried high up in the air.

(4)、What do we learn about the use of the American National Flag？ _________

A：There has been a lot of controversy over the use of flag.

B：The best athletes can wear uniforms with the design of the flag.

C：There are precise regulations and customs to be followed.

D：Americans can print the flag on their cushions or handkerchiefs.

(5)、How are Americans towards their National Flag？ ________

A：Arbitrary.

B：Respect.

C：Happy.

D：Brave.

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第1题
Text 1 The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be

Text 1

The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may c

hange in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.

In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the i

ndividual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age

loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as ri

ghts; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal pro

visions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.

41. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.

[A] the definition of maturity has changed

[B] the industrialized society is more developed

[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made

[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance

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第2题
A useful expression is slipping into the list of key translations used by nonsmoking world
travelers: Don't puff(喷烟) on me.

In country after country, talk of nonsmokers' rights is in the air. This fresh voice is heard from Australia to Sweden. Its force is freeing clean air for nonsmokers -- and tightening the situation for smokers.

While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking abuse. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.

In many developing nations, however, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress -- and is even encouraged. While it appears that in developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become stabilized, there are some indications that it is still rising at a steady pace in Latin America.

Despite progress in segregating (分开) nonsmokers and smokers, most countries see little change in the number of smokers. In fact, there is a jump in the number of girls and young women starting to smoke.

So far, any cooperation between tobacco interests and governments' campaigns against smoking has been in the area of tobacco advertising.

Restrictions on cigarette ads, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing (抑制) smoking.

But world attention also is focusing on other steps which will:

-- Prevent pro-smoking scenes on TV and films.

-- Remove cigarette vending machines.

-- Make it illegal to sell or hand over tobacco products to minors.

-- Boost cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes.

When you are traveling around the world, you will find that ______.

A．the topic of nonsmokers' rights is a hot issue for discussion

B．the expression "Don't puff on me" is posted everywhere

C．few countries pay attention to nonsmokers' rights

D．smokers are forced to give up smoking to keep the air clean

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第3题
Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal — or at least many parts
of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social class — whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"— are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.

In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers' jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her "housekeeping", would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.

The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the troth. He was — and still is — inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.

Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about "tomorrow". Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.

The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.

Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past？

A．Life style. and occupation.

B．Attitude and income.

C．Income and job security.

D．Job security and hobbies.

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第4题
which of the following statements is not true？A. The Northern states did not have racial

which of the following statements is not true？

A. The Northern states did not have racial discrimination.

B. Segregation laws continued to be enforced in Southern states until the 1950s.

C. The Northern states had outlawed slavery by 1830.

D. Slavery was finally abolished in the South in 1865.

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第5题
In America, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures
children are expected to care 【C1】______ their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who 【C2】______ with their parents 【C3】______ 65% to 70%. in Thailand, too, children are expected to look after their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live 【C4】______ . What explains these differences in living arrangements across cultures？ Modernization theory 【C5】______ the extended family to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. 【C6】______ with modernization, children move to urban areas, 【C7】______ old people after in 【C8】______ rural areas. Yet modernization theory can't 'explain why such households were never common in America or England, or why families in fully modernized Italy 【C9】______ a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain 【C10】______ living arrangements.

Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance 【C11】______ . In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance overtakes. 【C12】______ this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then 【C13】______ their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, 【C14】______ broader social changes brought 【C15】______ by industrialization and urbanization, have 【C16】______ the usage. In 1960 about 80% of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60% 【C17】______ — a figure that is still high 【C18】______ American standards, but which has been 【C19】______ steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are 【C20】______ : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77% in 1984 to 50% just 10 years later.

【C1】

A．about

B．after

C．for

D．over

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第6题
Ergo city authority administers environmental, social care, housing and cultural services
to the city of Ergo. The city itself has many social problems and a recent report from the local government auditor criticised the Chief Executive Offi cer (CEO) for not spending enough time and money addressing the pressing housing problems of the city.

Since 1970 the authority has had its own internal Information Technology (IT) department. However, there has been increasing criticism of the cost and performance of this department. The CEO has commented that ‘we seem to expand the department to cope with special demands (such as the millennium bug) but the department never seems to shrink back to its original size when the need has passed’. Some employees are lost through natural wastage, but there have never been any redundancies in IT and the labour laws of the nation, and strong trade unions within the authority, make it diffi cult to make staff redundant.

In the last few years there has been an on-going dispute between managers in the IT department and managers in the fi nance function. The dispute started due to claims about the falsifi cation of expenses but has since escalated into a personal battle between the director of IT and the fi nance director. The CEO has had to intervene personally in this dispute and has spent many hours trying to reconcile the two sides. However, issues still remain and there is still tension between the managers of the two departments.

A recent internal human resources (HR) survey of the IT department found that, despite acknowledging that they received above average pay, employees were not very satisfi ed. The main complaints were about poor management, the ingratitude of user departments, (‘we are always being told that we are overheads, and are not core to the business of the authority’) and the absence of promotion opportunities within the department. The ingratitude of users is despite the IT department running a relatively fl exible approach to fulfi lling users’ needs. There is no cross-charging for IT services provided and changes to user requirements are accommodated right up to the release of the software. The director of IT is also critical of the staffi ng constraints imposed on him. He has recently tried to recruit specialists in web services and ‘cloud computing’ without any success. He also says that ‘there are probably other technologies that I have not even heard of that we should be exploring and exploiting’.

The CEO has been approached by a large established IT service company, ProTech, to form. a new company ProTech-Public that combines the public sector IT expertise of the authority with the commercial and IT knowledge of ProTech. The joint company will be a private limited company, owned 51% by ProTech and 49% by the city authority. All existing employees in the IT department and the IT technology of the city authority will be transferred to ProTech who will then enter into a 10 year outsourcing arrangement with the city authority. The CEO is very keen on the idea and he sees many other authorities following this route.

The only exception to this transfer of resources concerns the business analysts who are currently in the IT department. They will be retained by the authority and located in a new business analysis department reporting directly to the CEO.

The CEO has suggested that the business analysts have the brief to ‘deliver solutions that demonstrably offer benefi ts to the authority and to the people of the city, using information technology where appropriate’. They need to be ‘outward looking and not constrained by current processes and technology’. They will also be responsible for liaising between users and the newly outsourced IT company and, for the fi rst time, defi ning business cases with users.

In principle, the creation of the new company and the outsourcing deal has been agreed. One of the conditions of the contract, inserted by the fi nance director, is that the new company achieves CMMI level 5 within three years. The current IT department has been recently assessed as CMMI level 2. ProTech has recently been assessed at CMMI level 3.

Required:

(a) Evaluate the potential benefi ts to the city authority and its IT employees, of outsourcing IT to ProTech-Public. (12 marks)

(b) The role of the business analyst is currently being re-designed.

Analyse what new or enhanced competencies the business analysts will require to undertake their proposed new role in the city authority. (7 marks)

(c) Explain the principles of CMMI and the advantages to ProTech-Public of achieving CMMI level 5. (6 marks)

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第7题
Moral responsibility is all very well, but what about military orders？ Is it not the soldi
er's duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors？ And apart from duty, will not the soldier suffer severe punishment, even death, if he refuses to do what he is ordered to？ If, then, a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoot that prisoner, how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground' that the burning or shooting was a violation of the laws of war？

These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called "superior orders", and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, after the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground "that all I did was as a soldier, by the command of my superior officer whom I must obey or die," but the court gave him short shrift, saying that "When the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous①."

Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldier's duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey—and indeed must, under some circum stances-unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders would justify a subordinate's conduct only "if not to perform. a prohibited act," and there are many other early decisions to the same effect.

A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White House) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was baldly split by that war too and, at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor. A passer-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicial figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked "would be illegal and void," and, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder②. In consequence, Bevans was convicted.

The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; per haps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the sub ordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity？

It can be inferred from the first paragraph that if a soldier obeys his superior's order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, ______.

A．he is fight according to moral standards

B．he should not receive any punishment

C．he should certainly be liable for his action

D．he will be convicted according to the law of war

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第8题
In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many othe
r cultures children are expected to care【1】their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who【2】with their parents【3】65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live【4】. What explains these differences in living arrangements【5】cultures？ Modernization theory【6】the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people【7】in【8】rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modernized,【9】a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain【10】living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance【11】.【12】this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then【13】their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws,【14】broader social changes brought【15】 by industrialization and urbanization, have【16】the【17】.In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did-a figure that is still high【18】U.S. standards, but which has been【19】steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are【20】: the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.

(1)

A．about

B．after

C．for

D．over

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第9题
Banks are subject to various forms of legal risk, including inadequate or incorrect（56) ad

Banks are subject to various forms of legal risk, including inadequate or incorrect (56) advice or documentation that may result in unexpected decline in the value of (57) or unexpected increase in the value of liabilities. In addition, existing laws may (58) resolve legal issues involving a bank; a court case involving a (59) bank may have wider implications for banking business and involve costs to it and many or all other banks; and, laws (60) banks or other commercial enterprises may change. Banks are particularly susceptible to legal risks when entering new types of transactions and when the legal right of a counterpart to enter into a transaction is not established.

(41)

A．bank

B．financial

C．legal

D．governmental

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第10题
[A] is being[B] are[C] have been[D] is

[A] is being [B] are [C] have been [D] is

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