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Cultures tend to favor either a past, or future orientation with regard to time. A future

orientation, encompassing a preference for change, is characteristic of American culture. The society encourages people to look to the future rather than to the past. Technological, social, and artistic trends change rapidly and affect people's life styles and their relationships.

Given the inclination toward change, it is not surprising that tradition plays a limited role in the American culture. Those who try to uphold traditional pattern of living or thought may be seen as rigid or "old-fashioned". In a society where change is so rapid, it is not uncommon for every generation to experience a "generation gap". Sometimes parents struggle to understand the values of their children, even religious institutions have had to adapt to contemporary need of their followers. Folk singers in church services, women religious leaders, slang versions of the Bible, all reflect attempts made by traditional institutions to "keep up with the times".

High rates of change, particularly in urban areas, have contributed to a focus on the future rather than the past or present. Some Americans believe that the benefits of the future orientation are achievement and progress which enable them to have a high standard of living. Others believe that high blood pressure and stomach ulcers are the results of such a life style.

As individuals in a culture, we all have an intuitive understanding about how time is regulated, usually we do not think about the concept of time until we interact with others who have a different time orientation. Although individuals from any now cultures may view time similarly, we often sense that in another culture, life seems to proceed at either a slower or faster pace. Knowing how time is regulated, divided, and perceived can provide valuable insights into individuals and their culture.

The American orientation toward the future might be demonstrated by ______.

A．the presence of religious institutions

B．the preference for "old-fashioned" parents

C．the limited role of tradition

D．the presence of folk singers in church services

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更多“Cultures tend to favor either …”相关的问题

第1题

Passage Two A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is

Passage Two

A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is that of friendship. Friendships among Americans tend to be shorter and less intense than these among people from many other cultures. At least many observers from abroad have this impression.Because Americans are taught to be self-reliant，because they live in a very mobile society，and for many other reasons as well，they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people. Furthermore，Americans tend to“compartmentalize”their friendships，having their“friends at work”，“friends at school”，a“tennis friend”，and so on. Americans often seem very friendly even when you first meet them. This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship.

The result of these attitudes and behaviors is sometimes viewed by foreigners as an“inability to be friends”. Other times it is seen as a normal way to retain personal happiness in a mobile，ever-changing society.

People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information，but they shape people’s thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general（for example，that they are very hard working intelligent，and rich that they do speak English well）and about particular categories of foreign students（Chinese are polite and good at mathematics，for example，or Italians are emotional）. And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans，for example，that they are arrogant，rude，and generous.

There are two stereotypes that often affect male-female relationships involving U.S. and foreign students. The first is the idea，held by some foreign males，that American females are invariably willing，if not anxious to have sex. The second common stereotype，held by some American females，is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information，so it is not realistic to suppose people can“forget their stereotypes”. But they can be aware of their stereotypes，and be ready to find exceptions to them.

36. Consuming friendship，Americans .

A. look for a deeper relationship in a close circle

B. avoid deep relationship with other people

C. are friendly at first but do not remain so later on

D. do not make good friends

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第2题

根据以下内容回答题：In the United States，it is not customary to telephone someone very earl

y in the morning.If you telephone him early in the day，while he is shaving or having breakfast，the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention．The same mean-ing is attached to telephone calls made after l l：00 P．m．If someone receives a call during sleeping hours，he assumes it"s a matter of life ot death．The time chosen for the call communi-cares has its importance． In social life，time plays a very important part ineveryday life．In the U．S．A．guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four davs before the party date．But it is not true in all countries．In other areas of the world，it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten．The meaning of time differs in dif-ferent Darts of the wodd．Thus，misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differentlv．Promptness is valued highly in American life．If people are not prompt，they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible．In the U．S．no one would think of keep-ing a business associate waiting for an hour，it would be too impolite．A person who is 5 mi-nutes late．he wm say a few words of explaination，though perhaps he will not complete the sentence

“The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11：00 P．m…”Here “attached”means

A.taken

B.drawn

C.given

D.shown

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第3题

针对A320机型，以下哪个是控制到预冷器冷却气量多少的活门？（）

A.PRV

B.OPV

C.FAV

D.FPV

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第4题

In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morni

ng.If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 pm. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it's a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.

In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. A person, who is 5 minutes late, will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence.

11.What is the main idea of this passage？ ________

A.It is not customary to telephone someone in the morning and in sleeping hours in the U.S.

B.The role of time in social life over the world.

C.If people are late, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible in the U.S.

D.Not every country treats the concept of time as the same.

12.What does it mean in the passage if you call someone during his or her sleeping hours？ _______

A.A matter of work.

B.A matter of life or death.

C.You want to see him or her.

D.You want to make an appointment with him or her.

13.Which of the following time is proper if you want to make an appointment with your friend in the U.S. A.？

A.at 7:00 am

B.at 4:00 pm

C.at the midnight

D.at 4 am

14.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage？ ________

A.In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.

B.No misunderstandings arise between people from different cultures about the concept of time.

C.It may be considered foolish to make an appointment well in advance in the U.S.A..

D.Promptness is valued highly in American life.

15.From the passage we can safely infer that _______

A.it’s a matter of life or death if you call someone in day time.

B.the meaning of time differs in different parts of the world.

C.it makes no difference in the U.S. whether you are early or late for a business party.

D.if a person is late for a date, he needn’t make some explanation.

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第5题

To better understand the negotiation practices of other cultures, it is important for us t

o be aware of the standard negotiation practices in the United States. Americans grow up believing in the motto "He who hesitates is lost."【C1】______ , most Americans conduct business at lightning speed. It is not【C2】______ for contracts to be signed during the first business meeting. These rapid contracts are【C3】______ by the fact that middle managers have the【C4】______ to make quick decisions without consulting the boss or 【C5】______ with the group. Brief small talk often【C6】______ the business interaction,【C7】______ the short-term rewards, and financial arrangements quickly become the focus.【C8】______ contracts are helpful but not necessary because a person's last successes are deemed more important. Communication is usually indirect, informal, competitive and【C9】______ argumentative.

Negotiation in Western Europe is different from【C10】______ in the United States. For the French, business is a very formal issue, and any【C11】______ of a casual attitude will have a negative influence on the transaction. Their eye contact tends to be so intense that even North Americans may feel【C12】______ . In Germany, business is also conducted very formally【C13】______ great attention to order, planning, and schedules. Because of this slow methodical process, it is virtually impossible to speed up a business transaction. Humor, compliments, and personal questions are not a part of German negotiations.【C14】______ , business may begin immediately after an introduction. Although the Dutch are also straightforward and【C15】______ in negotiations, business is conducted at a slower pace than in the United States.

Swedes are also very serious about business. They show little【C16】______ during negotiation and expect the same from you.【C17】______ is important to Swedish negotiations, and they tend to avoid confrontation. They may【C18】______ a discussion abruptly if they think it will lead to an argument over a sensitive topic. In conversation, Swedes do not【C19】______ exaggeration or superficiality. However, silence is part of their language pattern, so they expect【C20】______ to be filled with long pauses.

【C1】

A．However

B．Moreover

C．Therefore

D．Meanwhile

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第6题

Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"—physical objects that can be s

een, held, fell, used — that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music: can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot bear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their develop ment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.

Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutusl influence

among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music cul Lure as a whole.

One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; the)' have affected music cultures all over the globe.

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance bucause ______.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

B．it can reflect the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it can demonstrate the nations civilization

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第7题

According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can havelanguages.A．complicatedB．u

According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have languages.

A．complicated

B．uncivilized

C．primitive

D．well known

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第8题

Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-time cultures.（)

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第9题

In all cultures, women are generally seen_________to nature than men. A． as cl

In all cultures, women are generally seen _________to nature than men.

A． as close

B． closer

C． as closely

D． closely

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第10题

Few Asian-American students major in human sciences mainly because ________.A) thei

Few Asian-American students major in human sciences mainly because ________.

A) their English is not good enough

B) they are afraid they might meet with unfair judgement in these areas

C) there is a wide difference between Asian and Western cultures

D) they know little about American cultures and Western cultures

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